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Ancient Chinese architecture
The ancient Chinese architecture
It in the world building system, ancient Chinese buildings were independent development systems. The system was initially formed until the Yin Shang period more than 3,000 years ago, and its style was elegant and smart. The development of ancient Chinese architecture has roughly gone through the 7 periods of primitive society, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Qin and Han dynasties, the three northern and southern dynasties of the three northern and northern dynasties, the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Song, Liao, Jinyuan, and the Ming and Qing dynasties. Until the 20th century, it always maintained its own unique structure and layout principles, and spread and affected other countries.
The characteristics
From the perspective of structure, the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture can be summarized as 7 items: ① Use wood as the main building material to create a unique wooden structure form, so that This is the skeleton, which not only meets the actual functional requirements, but also creates a beautiful architectural shape and the corresponding architectural style. ② Keep the principle of structure. The columns and vertical horizontal beams are combined into various forms of beam frames, so that the upper part of the building is passed to the basis through the beam frame and columns. The wall only plays the role of encirclement, separation, and is not carried. ③ Create the structure of buckets. The buckets that are stacked by the short wood and horizontal stacked short wood and bucket -shaped square wood are the transition components between columns and beams. The overall structure layer between the frames is a clever form of the ancient Chinese wood structure structure. ④ Standardization of monomer architecture. Ancient Chinese palaces, temples, houses, etc. are often configured by several single buildings. Regardless of the size of the single building, the outline of its appearance consists of three parts: step base, house body, and roof: below is a step base for masonry masonry, supporting the entire house; , The wooden pillar is used as a skeleton, and the doors and windows are installed. The roof caused by the wooden structure roof is on it. The roof is made of soft and elegant curves. It extends out of the house around the house and covered with green gray tiles or glazed tiles. The plane of the single building is usually rectangular. In the absence of special purpose, square, star -shaped, circular, etc. are also adopted; and the buildings used in the garden can be used in a fan, glyphs, and a ring shape. The roof has the top of the palace, the top of the Xianxianshan, the roof of the shed, the top of the hanging mountain, the top of the hard mountain, and the spire. Each form is divided into single eaves and heavy eaves, which can be combined into more forms. ⑤ Pay attention to the layout of the building group group. The principle is introverted, multi -level, and strive to balance symmetry. Except for specific buildings such as urban tower, bell and drum tower, etc., single buildings rarely show all outlines. There are few courtyards in each building group, and there are several or dozens of courtyards. The combinations are diverse and rich in layers, which makes up for the shortcomings of single buildings. The plane layout takes the principles of left and right symmetry. The house is surrounded by the garden. The combination form is developed according to the middle axis. Only the plane layout of the garden adopts the principle of free changes. ⑥ Flexible arrangement of space layout. The indoor interval is used with fans, doors, hoods, screens, and other activities that are easy to install and disassemble. It can be divided arbitrarily and changes at any time. The courtyard is a unified body that is used with the indoor space. It also creates a small natural environment for the building. It can cultivate trees and flowers, which can be stacked with ponds. Transition to increase life interest. ⑦ Use color decoration means. The beams and columns of wooden structures need to be applied to the surface of the wood surface to develop anticorrosive measures such as paint, thereby developing into China's unique architectural oil decoration and color paintings. Commonly used green, green, Zhu and other mineral pigments to paint colorful patterns to increase the beauty of the building. The decoration components composed of wood, plus the color -decorated flat flowers and wooden bars inlaid into various rhombus lattice, which is a masterpiece of practical and decorative decoration. The colorful glazed roofs, archway, and photo walls that appeared after the Northern Wei Dynasty made the building brilliant and brilliant.
From the perspective of traditional culture, the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture can be summarized as five aspects: ① Few real architectural theory. The appearance of architecture as a discipline is a modern thing. Guide architecture to develop abstract philosophical theories, agreed moral norms and specific political systems. ② Confucian traditional ritual thoughts are the main ideas of guiding architectural creation, and supplemented by metaphysics and feng shui. ③ The attitude of life is full of realism of Chinese people. The specific manifestation is that the building does not seek for a long time, but the starting point of meeting the functional needs. The standardization and generalization of architectural forms can meet the needs of a variety of functions. ④ Standardized architectural individuals should express individuality through the combination of architectural space. The layout of the architectural group is the essence of traditional architectural art. It reflects the rational thinking method of time and space combination and the affinity between people and nature. ⑤ Express specific themes with symbolism. Express mood in the garden, express the worldview in religious buildings, and express the political system in palace architecture. Some decorative components, sketches, and even single buildings have become a symbol that contains a fixed meaning.
The ancient Chinese buildings are divided into the following 7 categories according to functions: ① Residential buildings. It is the earliest building created by humans. The early Neolithic era from 7400 to 6700 years ago, such as the buildings in the Gansu County Gan Bay of Qin'an County, Gansu, are all half -hole type, that is, digging a certain depth of vertical acupoint from the ground, the plane is round, oval or or in shape. Founded and small area. In the late Neolithic era 4900 to 3900 years ago, there were more houses built on the ground. The acupoints of primitive society are gradually evolving towards the form of palace -style houses. The representative type of palace -style houses is the courtyard. The early building site of Fengnan Village, Qishan County, Shaanxi is the earliest complete compound. There are a large number of bungalows in the middle and west sides of the old cities in Beijing, and the most typical courtyard houses are mostly concentrated here. The earliest relics of the Ganhe -style building were found in Hemu, Yuyao, Zhejiang, about 7000 to 5,300 years ago. The floor is off the ground and the people are equal to the people. They are raised in the lap, and there are railings around the floor, surrounded by platforms and houses. The existing dry columns are greatly reduced compared with ancient times, and are concentrated in ethnic minorities in Yunnan and Hainan. ② Urban public building. It mainly includes the city walls, the city tower and the city gate, as well as the clock tower and the drum tower. The city wall originated from the Neolithic era, and the materials are mainly rammed soil. From the Three Kingdoms to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the way to build brick walls in rammed soil city. In the Ming Dynasty, most of the important cities were wrapped in masonry. The city gate is a key defense site. The depth of the doorway is generally about 20 meters, the deepest is 80 meters. The city appeared in the border city of the Tang Dynasty. The arrow tower was created in the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Zhong and Drum Tower are public buildings in the ancient city of China. In the Song Dynasty, there were records of building clocks and drums for high -rise buildings. The Ming Dynasty built a drum tower and a bell tower at the northern end of the Beijing city. ③ Palace architecture. The palace specifically refers to the emperor's holding ceremony, handling government affairs and residence. The palace building concentrated its domestic financial and material resources at that time, and was built at a highest level of technical level. The earliest palace site was known to be found in Erlitou Village, Yanshi, Henan Province. It was built in the Shang Dynasty 1500 BC. The Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the last and most mature typical example of the Chinese palace architecture. The level of the level is rectangular, the west is 753 meters wide, 961 meters deep in the north and south, four doors open the wall, built the door building, and the four -town building building. It has made various architectural arts vividly, mobilizing all architectural languages to express theme ideas, and achieved difficulty in surpassing. ④ Ritual system and ancestral sacrifice building. People who hold sacrifice and commemorative activities are called ritual buildings for the "ritual system" requirements and are included in the official worship. Anyone who mainly uses people as the object of sacrifice is called temple sacrifice building. Relief and temples are roughly divided into 4 categories: sacrifice heaven and earth, the sun and the moon and the stars, the altars and temples of the famous mountains and rivers; The Mingtang and Pianyong of the political and religious cultural rituals; the celebrities and temples that are respected by the ruling class and commemorative for the people. Beijing Tiantan is the most important relic of ancient altar temple buildings. It was built in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420). ⑤ Mausoleum building. It is a building for burial and sacrificing the deceased. It consists of two parts: underground and above ground. The underground part is used to bury the deceased and their relics, substitutes, and funerals. Part of the ground is used for the use of sacrifices and placing the deceased God Lord. Generally speaking, after the Han Dynasty, the tomb of the emperor was called Mausoleum, and the courtiers were called the tomb. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, Lintong County, Shaanxi is the first emperor in China. The thirteenth tomb of Beijing Changping is a complete planning and magnificent mausoleum group. ⑥ Buddhist architecture. It is a place where believers worship the Buddha statues and bones and live in Buddhism and Buddhism. There are three types of temples, towers and grottoes. The Chinese Folk Buddhist Temple began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The initial temple was a gallery -like layout, where the tower was built, or the temple was built, or the tower or the temple was built. The pagoda can be divided into stone tower, brick tower, wooden tower, iron tower, pottery tower, etc. according to the structural material. The structure shape can be divided into a pavilion tower, dense eaves tower, and a single -story tower. The grotto is a Buddhist temple excavated on the riverside cliffs. It originated from India and spread to China around the 3rd century. Its shapes are roughly four categories: Tower Temple, Buddhist temple caves, monk house caves, and large portrait caves. Important relics of Chinese Grottoes include Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang in Gansu, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Datong, Shanxi, and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan. ⑦ Garden and garden building. Traditional Chinese gardens are a combination of artificially combined with artificially combining artificially, visible, travel -available, and residential functions. The main elements of its composition are mountains, water, flowers and trees, and buildings. It is a complex of multiple arts, reflects the achievements of traditional scientific arts and engineering technologies such as traditional philosophy, aesthetics, literature, painting, architecture, gardening. According to the affiliation, it can be divided into four categories: Royal Garden, Private Garden, Temple View Garden and Scenic Scenic. Among them, the most representative gardens existing in Suzhou Internet Teachers Park, Humble Administrator's Garden, staying in the garden, Yangzhou Garden, Wuxi Park Changyuan, Beijing Summer Palace, Yuanmingyuan, Chengde Summer Summer Villa and so on.
The functional types of traditional Chinese architecture. In addition to the above 7 categories, there are also public transport facilities such as military buildings, commercial buildings, and bridges, and building sketches such as Fang Tables. The Great Wall has experienced more than 2,000 years of history, extending thousands of miles, and has become a symbol of the spirit of the Chinese nation. The Anji Bridge (Zhaozhou Bridge), Zhaoxian County, Hebei, was built in the Sui Dynasty in the early 7th century. It was the first open shoulder arch stone bridge in the world. It was about 700 years earlier than the West. All these reflect the outstanding achievements of ancient Chinese architecture.
The ancient Chinese characters span thousands of years and space for thousands of years, and they are still full of vigorous vitality and unique artistic charm. Chinese characters are a block character based on pictographs. Drive specific expressions through six constituent methods such as pictographs and intentions. In addition, the performance characteristics of "graphic" and "symbolization" can be said to be the most original form of the logo. At the same time, the different representations of various books such as Oracle, 隶, Li, and Kai also provide rich visual elements for modern design.
With the development of the times, standing on a wider information platform for review, never separated from the "image" and "shape" of all things in the world, and the highly simple and generalized Chinese characters are undoubtedly one of them. The design elements with deep vitality and infectious power will be applied to the modern logo design, which will develop a space full of vitality and vitality for modern design. There are no shortage of successful examples around us. For example, the logo of the "Bank of China" is to integrate a "medium" in ancient copper coins, like two doors that are locked, which symbolizes safety and integrity; The tea leaves are placed in the word "king", like a big banner that is rolling in the wind. This clever and perfect combination is both concise and vivid, but also has national characteristics, which makes people forget. In the design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the clever application of Chinese characters once again showed the modern atmosphere of ancient Chinese culture to the world.
2. Traditional graphics and modern logo design
The traditional graphic art source in my country has a long history and has developed for thousands of years. As early as the birth of the text, the ancestors began to use graphics to convey the thoughts and communication feelings. It is also the earliest graphic art of human beings. China's graphics art not only originated early, but also continued to develop. Although it is fast and slow, it has never been interrupted, such as the graphics on the bronze wares on the Shang Dynasty; The treasure pattern of the Tang Dynasty and the formal form that appeared later. The traditional Chinese graphic resources are extremely rich. In their own development and evolution, they have both the context and colorful style. With their diverse and uniform style, they show unique, deep, and charming charm. The national tradition and national spirit. These graphics have continuously precipitated, extended, and derived from the development of history and the development of history, thus forming a unique traditional art system in China. This system condenses the wisdom essence of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, and also reflects the Huaxia people. The unique artistic spirit.
"Human Pottery Fish Pot" in Xi'an Banpo in Xi'an to the lifelike portrait stone "Jing Jing Xing Qin King" in the Han Dynasty, from the puppet patterns on the bronze wares to the simple shape of Qin and Hanwa. , Guju and simple. It is the image interpretation of the Chinese nation in various periods of social life, and it also truthfully reflects the aesthetic purpose of people in different periods. Many works that are recognized by the world and have distinctive national characteristics and cultural connotation have been inspired by traditional graphics.
The combination of traditional graphic art into the design of modern marks, which is the key to designing modern marks with claiming, era and internationality. But such a combination does not refer to pure copying or simply misappropriation of traditional graphics, but to understand and understand traditional graphics. Based on this A new creative point and inspiration point designed, thereby designing the vitality Chinese -type modern logo. Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite TV's Taiwan standard successfully borrowed the traditional Chinese phoenix pattern, and adopted the structural form of "joy meeting" unique to China. High intention, the king of the leading peers expressed vividly. With two flying phoenixes, the image of the two flying phoenixes represents the complementary and blending of two different cultures of China and the United States, reflecting the cultural concept of integrating east to west and gathered north and south. The brand of civilization. rn三、传统文化元素在珠宝设计中的运用rn翻看中华珠宝文化发展史，早在旧石器时代中期我们的祖先就利用兽牙、贝壳、骨管、鸵鸟蛋壳、 During the creation of stone beads and other creation, and by the alternation of the newly -fledged stone in 10,000 years ago, it was further selected to create various decorations such as quartz, jasper, agate, obsidian and other transparent and colored materials. The jewelry category is already very rich. The head jewelry has 笄, comb, and crown; the earrings have ring; neck ornaments have necklaces; hand ornaments have bracelets, 瑗, etc. The body should also be worn on the body, which is composed of 珩, 璜, 琚, etc. Even the materials of jewelry include bamboo, stone, bone, mussels, shells, teeth, jade, gold, etc. Hongshan Culture, Liangzhu Culture, Longshan Culture, and Daxi Culture, whether it is earrings, neck ornaments, arm ornaments, chest ornaments, etc., reflects the strong style and cultural charm of the times. Design is a reflection of consciousness in the material field, objective, and the carrier of history, culture, and art. As a modern jewelry design worker, you must first be based on the fertile soil of Chinese culture. Only jewelry that integrates traditional Chinese and Western cultural elements can be accepted by consumers and markets. The design of modern jewelry reflects a humanistic culture, personalized design, which must attach importance to national characteristics and follow the trend of fashion. In summary, in order to express cultural themes, people can find unique personality from ancient and modern symbols, interpret creation from them, and clearly convey information from ancient times to the present. For example, the dragon symbolizes the right, the phoenix symbolizes the festiveness, the bamboo symbolizes the qi festival, the lotus symbolizes self -love, the pigeons symbolize peace equality, combine these elements of east, west, ancient, and present, use rich imagination, and re -interpret the sensitive era of touch. Creation a new fashion trim. This profound cultural accumulation can reveal personal perceptual memories and cherish values, and convey the eternal significance. If it is only based on the original dragon, phoenix, bamboo, lotus, pigeons, etc., it will lose any meaning of the design.
The culture of any nation is an inseparable part of world culture, although the geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, customs and social and economy of each country are different, and the ethnic groups of different countries have appeared. Style, it is precisely because of these differences that the world's big family is a distinguished logo and a profound cultural brand.