The collection of scale has a long history and has been respected by many collectors. So is the value of collection of collection? The following is the value collection value that I have carefully organized for you. Let's take a look.
r rights. Since humans have private ownership, we have weighing the concept and prototype of the prototype, which has become the most primitive object exchange tool. Associated. Judging from the existing unearthed and handed down power, the earliest power of my country was the extensive Qin and Chu power circulating during the Warring States Period. Qin Quan is a steamed bun, and the top of the top is also accompanied by the prism -shaped; Including Qin Quan and Qin in the Warring States Period and re -issued the Warring States Qin Quan after the reunification of Qin. Qinquan is mostly copper, a few are iron, and occasionally a pottery. There are 8 types of 1 catties, 5 catties, 8 catties, 16 catties, 20 catties, 24 pounds, 30 pounds, 30 pounds and 1 stone power. Each power includes a book that is uniformly balanced in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), and some of the first year of the second year (209) of the second year (209); Individual powers are engraved with "Meiyang" (now Shaanxi Fufeng), "Pingyang" (now Zou County, Shandong). Except for Qinquan, Shaanxi Xianyang, Xi'an, Lintong, Baoji, Qin'an, Gansu, Wendeng, Shandong, Jiangsu Yan, Shanxi Zuo Yun, Hebei Pymings, Inner Mongolia Chifeng and Aohan Banner have all unearthed. The power of the Gao Nu copper stone in the end of the country unearthed from Gaoma Village in Xi'an, and the weight unit is "Herbon" for called food and grass; In the middle of the Warring States Period, Sima Cheng's public rights, the inscription records the weight and weighing standards of the relevant personnel and power of the right to build rights. Qin Shihuang merged the six kingdoms, unified the measurement, and promulgated the book to cast a book on the measurement or the vertical inlaid on the measurement of the measurement as an official standard. There are forty words: "In the twenty -six years, the emperor did his best and the princes in the world. The second generation of the sixty words: "In the first year, the prime minister, the disease, and the amount of law, and the emperor did the emperor, all of which were engraved. Also, if you are a future, you do n’t call it successful Shengde. Engraved this 诏, so engraved the left, so it ’s doubt." This is Qin Liang's power. Qin Shihuang's unified and measurement system has a great impact on future generations, and it is also one of the important reasons for the Qin Dynasty's rich and strong. Chu Quan is mostly embarrassed, with a semi -circular ring, often consisting of ten sets for use on the balance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, nearly 2,000 Chu Tomb that Hunan was cleaned up, of which 101 were unearthed with balance and weight. "Or two. People use balance and weights as funerals. It can be seen that at that time, it was related to gold circulation, because gold is expensive and required accurate weight in the exchange. Indirect proof.
The years from Han to Sui Sui, basically use "Qian Heng", that is, Qian Tianping and Qian Qianquan, which has long become the basic currency system in ancient my country. Those who do not choose the weight of "money balance" must be used to pay the coin with "money balance".
The dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties had a measure of measurement systems, and it was clearly that the regulations were not allowed to build privately. In the Zhou Dynasty, every year Zhongchun and Autumn, the temperature changes for a few hours, "the same amount of balance of balance". The Qin Dynasty "legal measurement", one school one year, the state awarded a standard balance device, and strictly identified it every year to maintain the weight. When receiving or borrowing, the calibration in person is not allowed to have a slightest pool. Power is the school scale, that is, standard scale. In the Tang Dynasty, the supervisory school officer was set up, and the seal was used for use after verification. The Ming Dynasty was responsible for correction instruments by its Sima City Division.
The ancient rights, which have high collection value, but also a precious cultural relics that verify history, politics, economy, culture, calligraphy, and measurement, and have artistic appreciation value. The history of bronze development and the evolutionary history of the ceramic industry. In November 1990, our public security department cracked a cultural relic case in ancient Cheng Xi'an, recovered national first -class cultural relics, and rare treasure Qin. Bronze rights are also designated as provincial second -level cultural relics, which shows that its value is expensive. The "Reference Standard for Cultural Relics Export Appraisal" is also explicitly formulated: the various measures and attachments (such as ancient rights) before 1795 are not exported. It can be seen that the country attaches great importance to ancient power.
The weighing instrument is not only domestic, but also internationally enjoys a lofty status and is very important. It is even more important. , Small to divide or cubes) The scales of rods are also popular, and once caused a sensation in a foreign country. There is also a small story here. I took a lot of money to spend much money in Suzhou, and a dumplings that came from hand in hand were presented to the dean as a small gift on Christmas Eve, and attached a instructions for use. The accuracy, as well as the traditional Chinese medicine formula in China still uses this traditional mule. Unexpectedly, the dean suddenly called the next day, and several colleges were also present. The dumplings were placed on the desk with a balance next to it. The dean first expressed the gratitude solemnly, and then asked Mr. Yu to demonstrate the operation of the sister -in -law. After using the dumplings to call the weight, they were reviewed with a balance, and it was very accurate. Mr. Yu agreed to transfer gifts to the college. Soon, the ancient weighing in China was equipped with exquisite seats, and it was displayed in the exhibition window of the college collection room, which also stated that "China has used such a balance to control the amount of drugs for thousands of years."
The ancient rights have reached tens of thousands of ancient power in China, and most of them are collected in national museums at all levels. In the domestic collection world, there were relatively few ancient rights before the Southern Song Dynasty, and more people in the world were folk utensils after the Ming and Qing dynasties. Because the market price of these utensils is relatively low, there are very few imitation on the market, and their prices are around 100 yuan to 1,000 yuan. On the contrary, there are inscriptions on the standards of official testing of the past, and their functions, age, and manufacturing units are relatively clear, so they have a collection value. The price is around 10,000 yuan. The market price of copper rights is 150,000 yuan, so there is still a lot of room for power in the market. The collection history "There is a rod scale between the heavens and the earth, the scales are the common people." philosophy. This "scale" is power. Power, the Han Dynasty is tired (tired), the folk calls it "fair older". In the Qing Dynasty, Li Guangting said in Volume 4 of "Hometown Romance": "The city is called the weight of the wealthy boy, and the scale hammer is a fair old man." Weighing the flatness, the flattelling is the publicity. Power, commonly known as scales, hammer, and weighing rights, is the scale of copper, iron, pottery, porcelain, and stones that can move above the weighing rods and the weight of later generations. "Han Book" said: "The right of power, baht, two, pounds, Jun, Shi also, so it is called the matter, and it is important to know." Essence The word "weighing" was extended. Su Shi can understand the most: "The reason why people believe in, their hands and feet are eye -catching, and they know how much they know, and those who know the severity of their hands, but those who do not have a lot of attention with their hands will be measured and weighing." Criminal argument: "When the matter is governed, the law is out of power." The power is like a scale of the world's major events.
. Since the human ownership has appeared in humans, we have weighing the concept and prototypes, which have become the most primitive object exchange tools, and it is related to the later taxation system. Judging from the existing unearthed and handed down power, the earliest power of my country was the extensive Qin and Chu power circulating during the Warring States Period. Qin Quan is a steamed bun, and the top of the top is also accompanied by the edges; Including Qin Quan and Qin in the Warring States Period and re -issued the Warring States Qin Quan after the reunification of Qin. Qinquan is mostly copper, a few are iron, and occasionally a pottery. There are 8 types of 1 catties, 5 catties, 8 catties, 16 catties, 20 catties, 24 pounds, 30 pounds, 30 pounds and 1 stone power. Each power includes a book that is uniformly balanced in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), and some of the first year of the second year (209) of the second year (209); Individual powers are engraved with "Meiyang" (now Shaanxi Fufeng), "Pingyang" (now Zou County, Shandong). Except for Qinquan, Shaanxi Xianyang, Xi'an, Lintong, Baoji, Qin'an, Gansu, Wendeng, Shandong, Jiangsu Yan, Shanxi Zuo Yun, Hebei Pymings, Inner Mongolia Chifeng and Aohan Banner have all unearthed. The power of the Gao Nu copper stone in the end of the country unearthed from Gaoma Village in Xi'an, and the weight unit is "Herbon" for called food and grass; In the middle of the Warring States Period, Sima Cheng's public rights, the inscription records the weight and weighing standards of the relevant personnel and power of the right to build rights. Qin Shihuang merged the six kingdoms, unified the measurement, and promulgated the book to cast a book on the measurement or the vertical inlaid on the measurement of the measurement as an official standard. There are forty words: "In the twenty -six years, the emperor did his best and the princes in the world. The second generation of the sixty words: "In the first year, the prime minister, the disease, and the amount of law, and the emperor did the emperor, all of which were engraved. Also, if you are a future, you do n’t call it successful Shengde. Engraved this 诏, so engraved the left, so it ’s doubt." This is Qin Liang's power. Qin Shihuang's unified and measurement system has a great impact on future generations, and it is also one of the important reasons for the Qin Dynasty's rich and strong. Chu Quan is mostly embarrassed, with a semi -circular ring, often consisting of ten sets for use on the balance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, nearly 2,000 Chu Tomb that Hunan was cleaned up, of which 101 were unearthed with balance and weight. "Or two. People use balance and weights as funerals. It can be seen that at that time, it was related to gold circulation, because gold is expensive and required accurate weight in the exchange. Indirect proof.
The years from Han to Sui Sui, basically use "Qian Heng", that is, Qian Tianping and Qian Qianquan, which has long become the basic currency system in ancient my country. Those who do not choose the weight of "money balance" must be used to pay the coin with "money balance".
The dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties had a measure of measurement system, and it was clearly that the regulations were not allowed to build privately. In the Zhou Dynasty, every year Zhongchun and Autumn, the temperature changes for a few hours, "the same amount of balance". The Qin Dynasty "legal measurement", one school one year, the state awarded a standard balance device, and strictly identified it every year to maintain the weight. When receiving or borrowing, the calibration in person is not allowed to have a slightest pool. Power is the school scale, that is, standard scale. In the Tang Dynasty, the supervisory school officer was set up, and the seal was used for use after verification. The Ming Dynasty was responsible for correction instruments by its Sima City Division. The event for the collection "There is a bar scale between the heavens and the earth, the scale is our common people", this familiar lyrics reflect the close relationship between the rod scale from the people's life from the side. With the development of the times, electronic scales have become popular, and the scales gradually fade out of people's lives, but at the same time, it has also entered the vision of the collector.
The collector Zhang Kuisheng has collected more than 3,000 weighs for more than ten years, becoming the leader in this new collection door category.
The collection of Zhang Kui Sheng began in 2000. It is more than ten animal scale from Qingzhou friends. It is his "original accumulation". Since then, he is out of control. The characteristics of his scale collection are obvious. One is to cover the dynasties, as early as Qin and Han dynasties, to this day; the other is rich materials, including copper, iron, porcelain, pottery, copper cricket gold, etc. Shaped, tower -shaped, melon, silver ingot, rectangular, square, ingot, drum -shaped, gourd -shaped, flower bottles, bucket -shaped, seal -shaped, head -shaped, conical, cylindrical and various animals, including animals, etc. The shape also includes chickens, sheep, dogs, monkeys, birds, beasts, etc. Fourth, the volume is different, the largest is forty or fifty pounds, and the smallest is only count. The scale used.
The Tzu of Zhang Kui Sheng has high value. For example, the bronze scales of the pseudo -Manchuria country, the golden scale of the Qing Dynasty, has high cultural relics; the Qing Dynasty porcelain scales with the annual model have important historical values; The porcelain scale of the abstract pattern is engraved with densely packed milk nails, regular modeling, and the carving process with very detailed and skilled Tianqing white jade scale, which has extraordinary artistic value.
The collection of Zhang Kui Sheng was recognized and encouraged by Professor Liu Fengjun, director of the Institute of Fine Arts and Archeology of Shandong University. Professor Liu once told him that the collection of collection is unpopular, and there are fewer people studying. It is a niche collection. The collection prospects are better. In Zhang Kuisheng's view, as the "justice" of the people's "justice", "represents fairness, justice and integrity. This is also the essence of the culture of scale. In daily interaction with people, integrity is always the primary principle." The Chinese people pay attention to the human relationship under certain principles. When the buyer watched the high -rise scale rod, it not only felt the sincerity of the seller, but also received a lot of benefits. The business that makes it reflects the uniqueness of Chinese culture.
The collection of scale has a long history and has been respected by many collectors. So is the value of collection of collection? The following is the value collection value that I have carefully organized for you. Let's take a look.
r
rights. Since humans have private ownership, we have weighing the concept and prototype of the prototype, which has become the most primitive object exchange tool. Associated. Judging from the existing unearthed and handed down power, the earliest power of my country was the extensive Qin and Chu power circulating during the Warring States Period. Qin Quan is a steamed bun, and the top of the top is also accompanied by the prism -shaped; Including Qin Quan and Qin in the Warring States Period and re -issued the Warring States Qin Quan after the reunification of Qin. Qinquan is mostly copper, a few are iron, and occasionally a pottery. There are 8 types of 1 catties, 5 catties, 8 catties, 16 catties, 20 catties, 24 pounds, 30 pounds, 30 pounds and 1 stone power. Each power includes a book that is uniformly balanced in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), and some of the first year of the second year (209) of the second year (209); Individual powers are engraved with "Meiyang" (now Shaanxi Fufeng), "Pingyang" (now Zou County, Shandong). Except for Qinquan, Shaanxi Xianyang, Xi'an, Lintong, Baoji, Qin'an, Gansu, Wendeng, Shandong, Jiangsu Yan, Shanxi Zuo Yun, Hebei Pymings, Inner Mongolia Chifeng and Aohan Banner have all unearthed. The power of the Gao Nu copper stone in the end of the country unearthed from Gaoma Village in Xi'an, and the weight unit is "Herbon" for called food and grass; In the middle of the Warring States Period, Sima Cheng's public rights, the inscription records the weight and weighing standards of the relevant personnel and power of the right to build rights. Qin Shihuang merged the six kingdoms, unified the measurement, and promulgated the book to cast a book on the measurement or the vertical inlaid on the measurement of the measurement as an official standard. There are forty words: "In the twenty -six years, the emperor did his best and the princes in the world. The second generation of the sixty words: "In the first year, the prime minister, the disease, and the amount of law, and the emperor did the emperor, all of which were engraved. Also, if you are a future, you do n’t call it successful Shengde. Engraved this 诏, so engraved the left, so it ’s doubt." This is Qin Liang's power. Qin Shihuang's unified and measurement system has a great impact on future generations, and it is also one of the important reasons for the Qin Dynasty's rich and strong. Chu Quan is mostly embarrassed, with a semi -circular ring, often consisting of ten sets for use on the balance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, nearly 2,000 Chu Tomb that Hunan was cleaned up, of which 101 were unearthed with balance and weight. "Or two. People use balance and weights as funerals. It can be seen that at that time, it was related to gold circulation, because gold is expensive and required accurate weight in the exchange. Indirect proof.
The years from Han to Sui Sui, basically use "Qian Heng", that is, Qian Tianping and Qian Qianquan, which has long become the basic currency system in ancient my country. Those who do not choose the weight of "money balance" must be used to pay the coin with "money balance".
The dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties had a measure of measurement systems, and it was clearly that the regulations were not allowed to build privately. In the Zhou Dynasty, every year Zhongchun and Autumn, the temperature changes for a few hours, "the same amount of balance of balance". The Qin Dynasty "legal measurement", one school one year, the state awarded a standard balance device, and strictly identified it every year to maintain the weight. When receiving or borrowing, the calibration in person is not allowed to have a slightest pool. Power is the school scale, that is, standard scale. In the Tang Dynasty, the supervisory school officer was set up, and the seal was used for use after verification. The Ming Dynasty was responsible for correction instruments by its Sima City Division.
The ancient rights, which have high collection value, but also a precious cultural relics that verify history, politics, economy, culture, calligraphy, and measurement, and have artistic appreciation value. The history of bronze development and the evolutionary history of the ceramic industry. In November 1990, our public security department cracked a cultural relic case in ancient Cheng Xi'an, recovered national first -class cultural relics, and rare treasure Qin. Bronze rights are also designated as provincial second -level cultural relics, which shows that its value is expensive. The "Reference Standard for Cultural Relics Export Appraisal" is also explicitly formulated: the various measures and attachments (such as ancient rights) before 1795 are not exported. It can be seen that the country attaches great importance to ancient power.
The weighing instrument is not only domestic, but also internationally enjoys a lofty status and is very important. It is even more important. , Small to divide or cubes) The scales of rods are also popular, and once caused a sensation in a foreign country. There is also a small story here. I took a lot of money to spend much money in Suzhou, and a dumplings that came from hand in hand were presented to the dean as a small gift on Christmas Eve, and attached a instructions for use. The accuracy, as well as the traditional Chinese medicine formula in China still uses this traditional mule. Unexpectedly, the dean suddenly called the next day, and several colleges were also present. The dumplings were placed on the desk with a balance next to it. The dean first expressed the gratitude solemnly, and then asked Mr. Yu to demonstrate the operation of the sister -in -law. After using the dumplings to call the weight, they were reviewed with a balance, and it was very accurate. Mr. Yu agreed to transfer gifts to the college. Soon, the ancient weighing in China was equipped with exquisite seats, and it was displayed in the exhibition window of the college collection room, which also stated that "China has used such a balance to control the amount of drugs for thousands of years."
The ancient rights have reached tens of thousands of ancient power in China, and most of them are collected in national museums at all levels. In the domestic collection world, there were relatively few ancient rights before the Southern Song Dynasty, and more people in the world were folk utensils after the Ming and Qing dynasties. Because the market price of these utensils is relatively low, there are very few imitation on the market, and their prices are around 100 yuan to 1,000 yuan. On the contrary, there are inscriptions on the standards of official testing of the past, and their functions, age, and manufacturing units are relatively clear, so they have a collection value. The price is around 10,000 yuan. The market price of copper rights is 150,000 yuan, so there is still a lot of room for power in the market.
The collection history
"There is a rod scale between the heavens and the earth, the scales are the common people." philosophy. This "scale" is power. Power, the Han Dynasty is tired (tired), the folk calls it "fair older". In the Qing Dynasty, Li Guangting said in Volume 4 of "Hometown Romance": "The city is called the weight of the wealthy boy, and the scale hammer is a fair old man." Weighing the flatness, the flattelling is the publicity. Power, commonly known as scales, hammer, and weighing rights, is the scale of copper, iron, pottery, porcelain, and stones that can move above the weighing rods and the weight of later generations. "Han Book" said: "The right of power, baht, two, pounds, Jun, Shi also, so it is called the matter, and it is important to know." Essence The word "weighing" was extended. Su Shi can understand the most: "The reason why people believe in, their hands and feet are eye -catching, and they know how much they know, and those who know the severity of their hands, but those who do not have a lot of attention with their hands will be measured and weighing." Criminal argument: "When the matter is governed, the law is out of power." The power is like a scale of the world's major events.
. Since the human ownership has appeared in humans, we have weighing the concept and prototypes, which have become the most primitive object exchange tools, and it is related to the later taxation system. Judging from the existing unearthed and handed down power, the earliest power of my country was the extensive Qin and Chu power circulating during the Warring States Period. Qin Quan is a steamed bun, and the top of the top is also accompanied by the edges; Including Qin Quan and Qin in the Warring States Period and re -issued the Warring States Qin Quan after the reunification of Qin. Qinquan is mostly copper, a few are iron, and occasionally a pottery. There are 8 types of 1 catties, 5 catties, 8 catties, 16 catties, 20 catties, 24 pounds, 30 pounds, 30 pounds and 1 stone power. Each power includes a book that is uniformly balanced in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), and some of the first year of the second year (209) of the second year (209); Individual powers are engraved with "Meiyang" (now Shaanxi Fufeng), "Pingyang" (now Zou County, Shandong). Except for Qinquan, Shaanxi Xianyang, Xi'an, Lintong, Baoji, Qin'an, Gansu, Wendeng, Shandong, Jiangsu Yan, Shanxi Zuo Yun, Hebei Pymings, Inner Mongolia Chifeng and Aohan Banner have all unearthed. The power of the Gao Nu copper stone in the end of the country unearthed from Gaoma Village in Xi'an, and the weight unit is "Herbon" for called food and grass; In the middle of the Warring States Period, Sima Cheng's public rights, the inscription records the weight and weighing standards of the relevant personnel and power of the right to build rights. Qin Shihuang merged the six kingdoms, unified the measurement, and promulgated the book to cast a book on the measurement or the vertical inlaid on the measurement of the measurement as an official standard. There are forty words: "In the twenty -six years, the emperor did his best and the princes in the world. The second generation of the sixty words: "In the first year, the prime minister, the disease, and the amount of law, and the emperor did the emperor, all of which were engraved. Also, if you are a future, you do n’t call it successful Shengde. Engraved this 诏, so engraved the left, so it ’s doubt." This is Qin Liang's power. Qin Shihuang's unified and measurement system has a great impact on future generations, and it is also one of the important reasons for the Qin Dynasty's rich and strong. Chu Quan is mostly embarrassed, with a semi -circular ring, often consisting of ten sets for use on the balance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, nearly 2,000 Chu Tomb that Hunan was cleaned up, of which 101 were unearthed with balance and weight. "Or two. People use balance and weights as funerals. It can be seen that at that time, it was related to gold circulation, because gold is expensive and required accurate weight in the exchange. Indirect proof.
The years from Han to Sui Sui, basically use "Qian Heng", that is, Qian Tianping and Qian Qianquan, which has long become the basic currency system in ancient my country. Those who do not choose the weight of "money balance" must be used to pay the coin with "money balance".
The dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties had a measure of measurement system, and it was clearly that the regulations were not allowed to build privately. In the Zhou Dynasty, every year Zhongchun and Autumn, the temperature changes for a few hours, "the same amount of balance". The Qin Dynasty "legal measurement", one school one year, the state awarded a standard balance device, and strictly identified it every year to maintain the weight. When receiving or borrowing, the calibration in person is not allowed to have a slightest pool. Power is the school scale, that is, standard scale. In the Tang Dynasty, the supervisory school officer was set up, and the seal was used for use after verification. The Ming Dynasty was responsible for correction instruments by its Sima City Division.
The event for the collection
"There is a bar scale between the heavens and the earth, the scale is our common people", this familiar lyrics reflect the close relationship between the rod scale from the people's life from the side. With the development of the times, electronic scales have become popular, and the scales gradually fade out of people's lives, but at the same time, it has also entered the vision of the collector.
The collector Zhang Kuisheng has collected more than 3,000 weighs for more than ten years, becoming the leader in this new collection door category.
The collection of Zhang Kui Sheng began in 2000. It is more than ten animal scale from Qingzhou friends. It is his "original accumulation". Since then, he is out of control. The characteristics of his scale collection are obvious. One is to cover the dynasties, as early as Qin and Han dynasties, to this day; the other is rich materials, including copper, iron, porcelain, pottery, copper cricket gold, etc. Shaped, tower -shaped, melon, silver ingot, rectangular, square, ingot, drum -shaped, gourd -shaped, flower bottles, bucket -shaped, seal -shaped, head -shaped, conical, cylindrical and various animals, including animals, etc. The shape also includes chickens, sheep, dogs, monkeys, birds, beasts, etc. Fourth, the volume is different, the largest is forty or fifty pounds, and the smallest is only count. The scale used.
The Tzu of Zhang Kui Sheng has high value. For example, the bronze scales of the pseudo -Manchuria country, the golden scale of the Qing Dynasty, has high cultural relics; the Qing Dynasty porcelain scales with the annual model have important historical values; The porcelain scale of the abstract pattern is engraved with densely packed milk nails, regular modeling, and the carving process with very detailed and skilled Tianqing white jade scale, which has extraordinary artistic value.
The collection of Zhang Kui Sheng was recognized and encouraged by Professor Liu Fengjun, director of the Institute of Fine Arts and Archeology of Shandong University. Professor Liu once told him that the collection of collection is unpopular, and there are fewer people studying. It is a niche collection. The collection prospects are better. In Zhang Kuisheng's view, as the "justice" of the people's "justice", "represents fairness, justice and integrity. This is also the essence of the culture of scale. In daily interaction with people, integrity is always the primary principle." The Chinese people pay attention to the human relationship under certain principles. When the buyer watched the high -rise scale rod, it not only felt the sincerity of the seller, but also received a lot of benefits. The business that makes it reflects the uniqueness of Chinese culture.